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Psychology (Optional) Notes & Mind Maps
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1 Definition of Psychology
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1.2 Historical antecedents of Psychology and trends in the 21st century
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1.3 Psychology and scientific methods
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1.4 Psychology in relation to other social sciences and natural sciences
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1.5 Application of Psychology to societal problems
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2. METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY2.1 Types of research: Descriptive, evaluative, diagnostic, and prognostic
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2.2 Methods of Research: Survey, observation, case-study, and experiments
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2.3 Experimental, Non-Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
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2.4 Focused group discussions
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2.5 Brainstorming
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2.6 Grounded theory approach
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3. RESEARCH METHODS3.1 Major Steps in Psychological research6 Submodules
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3.2 Fundamental versus applied research
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3.3 Methods of Data Collection3 Submodules
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3.4 Research designs (ex-post facto and experimental)
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3.5 Application of Statistical Technique5 Submodules
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3.6 Item Response Theory
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4. DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN BEHAVIOUR4.1 Growth and Development, Principles of Development
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4.2 Role of genetic and environmental factors in determining human behavior
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4.3 Influence of cultural factors in socialization
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4.4 Life span development (Characteristics, development tasks, promoting psychological well-being across major stages of the life span)
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5. SENSATION, ATTENTION, AND PERCEPTION5.1 Sensation2 Submodules
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5.2 Attention: factors influencing attention1 Submodule
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5.3 Perception11 Submodules
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5.3.1 Definition and concept of perception
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5.3.2 Biological Factors in Perception
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5.3.3 Perceptual organization and Influence of past experiences
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5.3.4 Perceptual Defense
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5.3.5 Factors influencing space and depth perception
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5.3.6 Size Estimation
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5.3.7 Perceptual Readiness
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5.3.8 The plasticity of perception
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5.3.9 Extrasensory Perception
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5.3.10 Culture and Perception
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5.3.11 Subliminal Perception
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5.3.1 Definition and concept of perception
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6. LEARNING6.1 Concept and theories of learning (Behaviourists, Gestaltalist and Information processing models)
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6.2 The Processes of extinction, discrimination, and generalization
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6.3 Programmed learning
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6.4 Probability Learning
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6.5 Self-Instructional Learning
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6.6 Types and the schedules of reinforcement
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6.7 Escape, Avoidance and Punishment
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6.8 Modeling
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6.9 Social Learning
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7. MEMORY7.1 Encoding and Remembering
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7.2 Short term memory
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7.3 Long term memory
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7.4 Sensory Memory - Iconic, Echoic & Haptic Memory
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7.5 Multistore Model of Memory
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7.6 Levels of Processing
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7.7 Organization and Mnemonic techniques to improve memory
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7.8 Theories of forgetting: decay, interference and retrieval failure
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7.9 Metamemory
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8. THINKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING8.1 Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
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8.2 Concept formation processes
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8.3 Information Processing
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8.4 Reasoning and problem-solving
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8.5 Facilitating and hindering factors in problem-solving
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8.6 Methods of problem-solving: Creative thinking and fostering creativity
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8.7 Factors influencing decision making and judgment
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8.8 Recent Trends in Thinking and Problem Solving
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9. Motivation and Emotion9.1 Psychological and physiological basis of motivation and emotion
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9.2 Measurement of motivation and emotion
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9.3 Effects of motivation and emotion on behavior
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9.4 Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation
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9.5 Factors influencing intrinsic motivation
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9.6 Emotional competence and the related issues
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10. Intelligence and Aptitude10.1 Concept of intelligence and aptitude
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10.2 Nature and theories of intelligence: Spearman, Thurstone, Guilford Vernon, Sternberg and J.P Das
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10.3 Emotional Intelligence
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10.4 Social Intelligence
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10.5 Measurement of intelligence and aptitudes
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10.6 Concept of IQ
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10.7 Deviation IQ
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10.8 The constancy of IQ
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10.9 Measurement of multiple intelligence
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10.10 Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence
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11. Personality11.1 Definition and concept of personality
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11.2 Theories of personality (psychoanalytical, sociocultural, interpersonal, developmental, humanistic, behaviouristic, trait and type approaches)
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11.3 Measurement of personality (projective tests, pencil-paper test)
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11.4 The Indian approach to personality
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11.5 Training for personality development
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11.6 Latest approaches like big 5-factor theory
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11.7 The notion of self in different traditions
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12. Attitudes, Values, and Interests12.1 Definition of attitudes, values, and interests
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12.2 Components of attitudes
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12.3 Formation and maintenance of attitudes
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12.4 Measurement of attitudes, values, and interests
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12.5 Theories of attitude change
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12.6 Strategies for fostering values
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12.7 Formation of stereotypes and prejudices
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12.8 Changing others behavior
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12.9 Theories of attribution
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12.10 Recent trends in Attitudes, Values and Interests
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13. Language and Communication13.1 Properties of Human Language
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13.2 Structure of language and linguistic hierarchy
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13.3 Language acquisition: Predisposition & critical period hypothesis
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13.4 Theories of language development: Skinner and Chomsky
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13.5 Process and types of communication – effective communication training
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14. Issues and Perspectives in Modern Contemporary Psychology14.1 Computer application in the psychological laboratory and psychological testing
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14.2 Artificial Intelligence and Psychology
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14.3 Psychocybernetics
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14.4 Study of consciousness-sleep-wake schedules