Neanderthals

Neanderthals mind map
  Recent discoveries
    Oldest known Neanderthal cave engravings discovered
    Study casts doubt on Neanderthal 'flower burial' theory
    Speech capabilities
      Study on bone structure in skulls
        Digital reconstruction of bones
        Findings suggest capacity to hear and produce human-like speech
  Homo neanderthalensis
    Distinct human species
    Closest ancient human relatives
    Shared common ancestor with Homo sapiens
  Evolutionary history
    Earliest Neanderthal-like fossils around 430,000 years old
    Best-known Neanderthals lived between 130,000 and 40,000 years ago
  Physical characteristics
    Long, low skull with prominent brow ridge
    Adapted to cold environments
      Short limbs and torso for heat conservation
      Wide noses for warming and humidifying air
    Similar appearance to modern humans
  Lifestyle
    Adaptable to different environments
      Cold steppe environments in England and Siberia about 60,000 years ago
      Warm temperate woodlands in Spain and Italy about 120,000 years ago
    Social complexity suggests ability to communicate
  Genetic makeup
    Several Neanderthal genomes reconstructed from ancient DNA
    Modern humans have inherited around 2% Neanderthal DNA
  Tools and technology
    Made and used diverse set of sophisticated tools
    Controlled fire
    Made and wore clothing
  Hunting
    Skilled hunters of large animals
  Culture
    Made symbolic or ornamental objects
    Deliberately buried their dead
    Marked graves with offerings
  Extinction theories
    Climate change
    Aggression of Homo sapiens
    Competition for resources
    Interbreeding with Homo sapiens

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