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Solar Geo-Engineering

Santhosh Kumar 06/10/2023

Solar Geo-Engineering Mind Map
Context
Potential climate change solution
Definition
Reflect sunlight to cool Earth
SRM methods
Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI)
Injecting reflecting particles
Marine cloud brightening (MCB)
Sea salt stimulates cloud formation
Paris Agreement target
Limit temperature increase
Below 2°C
Efforts for 1.5°C
Net global CO2 emissions zero by mid-century
Potential
Cost-effective
$18 billion per cooling degree
Carbon dioxide removal comparison
Requires more money
Implications
Polar Warming and Ice Melt
Temperature increases around poles
Impact on Monsoon Patterns
Potential rainfall and weather system disruptions
Moral hazard
Slow emission reductions risk
Delay low-carbon economy transition
Little is known about impacts
Computer-based modelling
Natural observations (e.g., volcanic eruption)
Uncoordinated Efforts
Risks of uncoordinated actions
Private companies' unregulated experiments
Example: "Make Sunsets" releases sulphur dioxide
USA’s plan
Public or private actors
Aerosols and MCB sunlight reflection
Research focus
Assess potential risks and benefits
Climate policy components
Mitigation
Adaptation
Way ahead
International governance need
Experimentation source
Only from governments
Public involvement in decision-making
Conclusion
Ethical and environmental risks
Need for public scrutiny and debate
Primary solutions
Mitigation and Adaptation

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Geothermal Energy in India mind map Context Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) Maiden geothermal field development project in Ladakh Potential to generate 10 GW geothermal power Geothermal energy Definition Natural heat from Earth's interior Used for electricity generation and heating Sources Earth's crust Magma layer Radioactive material decay Types of resources Geopressurized zones Hot-rock zones Hydrothermal convection zones Advantages Renewable Carbon-free Independent from fuels Available round the clock Challenges High initial investment Location-specific Need for technological advancements Exploration risks Independent Power Producer (IPP) Concept Private entity generating power Sells to public grid or third parties Financing models Public-private partnership (PPP) Independent Power Producer (IPP) schemes Benefits Increase in energy access Economic productivity enhancement Carbon emission reduction Role in Geothermal Energy Provide project financing Invest in geothermal plants and drilling Capacity building initiatives Indian Context Geothermal energy development Exploration began in 1970 Geological Survey of India identified 350 locations 7 geothermal provinces identified Puga valley in Ladakh most promising 10 GW power potential estimated Government Initiatives Capital subsidy up to 30% for industrial projects MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) incentives Plans to generate 1000 MW by 2022 First geothermal power plant in Chhattisgarh (Tattapani field) Major Indian companies Tata Power Investment in Geodynamics, Australia Developing 240 MW unit in Indonesia MoU with Gujarat government for geothermal plant Thermax Agreement with Maharashtra government Joint venture with Reykjavik Geothermal, Iceland GeoSyndicate Major geothermal sites in India Puga field Chhumathang field Manikaran field Beas valley Satluj and Spiti valley Tapoban field, Chamoli Tatapani field Salbardi region Anhoni-Samoni area Unkeshwar Godavari Graben Andaman-Nicobar region Damodar Valley basins Western thermal province Cambay geothermal region Konkan geothermal provinces Sohna thermal region Tuwa and Chhabsar fields, Gujarat Lasundra geothermal province Industry Perspective Need for government support Technology and exploration funding Policy framework Economic Aspects Cost range of $3-4 million per MW Competitive power rates Comparable to thermal coal Lower than solar, wind, biomass Global Presence Geothermal electricity in 24 countries Worldwide capacity of 10,715 MW

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Categories: New and Renewable Energy

Tags: 6.10.2023, Newsbits

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