RBI paper on Cash vs Digital Payments

RBI paper on Cash vs Digital Payments mind map
  Paradox in Currency Demand
    Cash and Digital Payments
      Simultaneous rise
        Counterintuitive trend
    Decoding the paradox
      Indian context focus
  Key highlights
    Transactional use of cash
      Decline observed
      Substituted by digital payments
      Store-of-value role
        Remains intact
    Pandemic impact
      Transitory uptick in currency demand
        Driven by
          Precautionary motives
          Store-of-value motives
    Empirical estimation
      Currency demand function
      Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models
      Significant impacts
        Income
        Opportunity cost of holding cash
          E.g., interest rates
        Uncertainty
      Inverse association
        Digital payments vs currency demand
      Other determinants
        Maintain cash demand
  Recent trends and data (2023)
    Decline in cash deals
      Rise in digital payments
      RBI Occasional Research paper findings
    Influence on currency demand
      Precautionary motives
      Store-of-value motives
      Falling use as payment medium
    Substitution indicators
      Large-denomination banknotes growth
      Muted growth in small-value notes and coins
      Subdued cash withdrawals
      Diminishing cash velocity
      Digital modes preference
        For small-value retail transactions
    Economy growth impact
      Cash and digital payments potential
      Increased transactional activity
      Precautionary variables significance
      Potential moderation
        Of positive income effect on currency demand
    RBI Digital Payment Index (RBI-DPI)
      March 2023 data
        Index value: 395.57
      September 2022 data
        Index value: 377.46
      March 2022 data
        Index value: 349.30
      Overall increase
        Across all parameters
        Driven by
          Payment infrastructure growth
          Payment performance enhancement
    Unified Payments Interface (UPI)
      Significant transaction growth
      Record set in October 2023
        Transactions: 11.4 billion
        Value surpassed: Rs 17.6 lakh crore
    Currency in Circulation (CiC)
      October 2023 data
        Growth rate: 4.3%
      Year-ago comparison
        Previous rate: 7.7%
      Factors
        Withdrawal of Rs 2,000 notes
    Money supply (M3) growth
      October 2023 data
        Growth rate: 11.0%
      Year-ago comparison
        Previous rate: 7.8%
      Excluding factors
        HDFC and HDFC Bank merger impact

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