XpoSat

Santhosh Kumar 20/11/2023
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XpoSat mind map Context Planned launch December 2023 or later Mission life At least five years Overview Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) project Mission type Space observatory Purpose Study polarization of cosmic X-rays Understand source nature Including magnetic fields Other radiation properties Target 50 brightest known sources Including pulsars, black hole X-ray binaries Active galactic nuclei, supernova remnants Orbit Low Earth orbit 500–700 km altitude History Project commencement September 2017 Design and development stages Preliminary Design Review (PDR) completed September 2018 POLIX Qualification Model preparation Payloads Hosted on modified IMS-2 satellite bus Primary scientific payload Indian X-ray Polarimeter (POLIX) Thomson X-ray polarimeter Measures degree and angle of polarization Focus on medium X-ray range (8-30 keV) Secondary payload X-ray Spectroscopy and Timing (XSPECT) Measures spectroscopic information and timing Focus on soft X-rays (0.8-15 keV) Complementary to AstroSat LAXPC Objectives Understanding long-term behavior of X-ray sources Correlation of timing characteristics with spectral changes Experiment configuration Collimator, central low Z scatterer Xenon filled X-ray proportional counters Rotating along viewing axis for azimuthal distribution measurement Glossary Polarimeter Instrument measuring polarization Low Earth orbit Orbit close to Earth’s surface AstroSat India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory

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AstroSat mind map Context India's first multi-wavelength space observatory Launched on September 28, 2015 Recent milestone Detected 600th Gamma-ray Burst (GRB) as of November 2023 Each GRB indicates massive star death or neutron star merging Mission Overview Objective Study cosmic sources across electromagnetic spectrum Focus on high-energy processes in binary star systems and neutron stars Development Follow-up to Indian X-ray Astronomy Experiment (IXAE, 1996) Approved by ISRO in 2004 Launch Details From Satish Dhawan Space Centre Using PSLV-C30 (XL) rocket Placed into 650 km, 6° inclination orbit Scientific Objectives Core focus areas Multi-wavelength monitoring of cosmic source intensity variations X-ray sky monitoring for new transients Hard X-ray and UV band sky surveys Spectroscopic studies in broad range Variability studies of X-ray sources Specific studies Periodic and non-periodic phenomena in X-ray binaries Pulsations in X-ray pulsars Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) intensity variations Time-lag studies in X-rays and UV/optical radiation X-ray transients detection and study Instruments and Capabilities Payload Instruments Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC) Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager (CZTI) Scanning Sky Monitor (SSM) Charged Particle Monitor (CPM) Instrument Functions Multi-wavelength imaging and spectroscopy High-resolution imaging in ultraviolet and X-ray Timing and spectral studies of X-ray sources Polarization measurements in X-rays Monitoring for transient X-ray events Ground Support and Data Management Command and Control Managed by ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) Based in Bangalore, India Data Handling Daily data gathering capacity of 420 gigabits Data download during visible orbits over Bangalore Major Achievements and Discoveries Notable events detected Supernova explosions forming black holes Rare phenomena like blue stragglers Coronal explosions on Proxima Centauri X-ray polarisation variations in Crab Pulsar Observation of galaxy clusters and rare X-ray outbursts Detection of extreme-UV light from distant galaxies Future Prospects Continued observations and discoveries Potential for new insights into cosmic phenomena

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Age of Moon upsc mind map Recent study Utilization Crystals from Apollo astronauts Year 1972 Discovery Moon's age Revised to At least 4.46 billion years old Importance of crystals Oldest known solids Formed after a massive impact Reference for lunar chronology Method used Atom probe tomography Purpose Determine age of crystals Source Times of India (TOI) Significance of the finding Understanding the Moon's role Stabilizing Earth's rotational axis Affecting tides Influencing life on Earth

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