22.3 Craft Production in Mughal India

I. Introduction

The rich history of Mughal India is marked by its vibrant craft production, which encompassed a wide range of artistic disciplines, including pottery, weaving, wood carving, metalworking, and jewelry making. These crafts flourished under the patronage of Mughal emperors, who encouraged cultural exchange and innovation, resulting in a unique fusion of Persian, Indian, and European styles and techniques that continue to influence contemporary Indian art and culture.

II. Craft Production in Mughal India: An Overview

Pottery

• Mughal pottery was known for its intricate designs and patterns.
• Glazed pottery started in the 13th century AD under Turkic rulers who encouraged potters from Persia to migrate to India.
• Pottery was used for making beads, seals, bangles, and other decorative items.

Weaving

• Mughal carpets were handwoven floor coverings made in India in the 16th and 17th centuries for the Mughal emperors and their courts.
• Mughal carpets were a blend of Persian and Indian artistry, uniquely designed with scenic landscapes, floral, and animal patterns.
• Carpet weaving was renowned in Agra, Lahore, and Fatehpur Sikri.

Wood Carving

• Mughal wood carving was known for its intricate designs and patterns.
• Examples of wood carving from the Mughal period include thrones with Qur’anic verses and decorative trays.

Metalworking

• Mughal metalwork included the production of weapons, armor, coins, and jewelry.
• The most important centers of production of military equipment were Delhi and Lahore.
• Mughal metalwork also included the production of decorative items such as water flasks (surahi).

Jewelry Making

• Mughal jewelry was known for its intricate designs, use of precious stones, and enameling techniques.
• Mughal emperors were enthusiastic about textile materials and set up numerous imperial workshops across India for the production of jewelry and other luxury goods.

Factors Contributing to the Growth of Crafts

• Royal patronage: Mughal emperors, especially Akbar, supported the growth of various crafts by setting up imperial workshops and promoting the training of local artisans.
• International trade: Mughal crafts were traded to Europe and the Far East, where they were highly valued and sought after.
• Cultural exchange: The Mughal Empire was known for its cultural diversity, which influenced the development of various crafts. Persian and European traditions played a significant role in shaping Mughal crafts.

Craft Workshops and Karkhanas

• Mughal karkhanas were manufacturing houses and workshops for craftsmen, established by the Mughals in their empire.
• Karkhanas were small manufacturing units for various arts and crafts, as well as for the emperor’s household and military needs.
• Imperial or Royal Karkhanas were for luxury goods and weapons, and they were the place for various production activities and exploration of new techniques and innovations.

III. Techniques and Materials in Mughal Crafts

Inlay Work

• Inlay work, also known as ‘Pachchikari’ or ‘Parchinkari’, is a technique where colored or semi-precious stones are inlaid into marbles.
• This technique was used extensively in Mughal architecture, such as the Taj Mahal, Agra Fort, and Itmad Ud Daulah.

Glass Engraving

• The Mughal rulers introduced the art of glass engraving to India.
• Mughal craftsmen excelled in creating delicate foliated designs on glass objects.

Carpet Weaving

• Mughal carpets were handwoven and featured a blend of Persian and Indian artistry.
• The carpets were known for their elaborate designs, depicting court life, animals, and floral motifs.
• Carpet weaving centers were established in Agra, Delhi, and Lahore during the Mughal period.

Brocades

• Mughal brocades were known for their elegance, symmetry, and intricate floral patterns.
• Brocade weaving was a significant part of Indian heritage and flourished during the Mughal period.

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